Ribagin Dent

Dental braces (also known as orthodontic braces, or simply braces) are devices used in the orthodontic industry that help align and straighten teeth and help to position them with regard to a person’s bite, while also working to improve dental health.

Adult braces can improve the following: A fuller, wider smile, better facial balance and aesthetics, smoother cheek contours which make narrow smiles look fuller and more inviting, fewer dark triangles within the corners of your mouth, straighter, less crowded & crooked teeth, and improved profiles…for a more youthful look at any age!

You may not have considered orthodontics (orthodontia) for your child yet, and you may think that your child does not need dental braces until all of the baby teeth have fallen out.While this may be the case, Dr Lora Ribagin recommends that children see an orthodontist by age 7.This is because some orthodontic problems are easier corrected when the child is younger.Waiting to get braces or starting orthodontic treatment after all permanent teeth have erupted may lead to difficulty in correcting some types of orthodontic problems. By age 7, most children will have begun growing in some permanent molars (back teeth) and incisors (front teeth) so the orthodontist can evaluate if there is an existing problem.

Fixed braces can be metal or ceramic on the front of your teeth, or metal on the inside surface so they are hidden from view.

---price is normally included in all brace/bracket treatments-----Orthodontic retainers are custom-made devices, made usually of wires or clear plastic, that hold teeth in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth. They are most often used before or after dental braces to hold teeth in position while assisting the adjustment of the surrounding gums to changes in the bone. Most patients are required to wear their retainer(s) every night at first, with many also being directed to wear them during the day - at least initially. There are three types of retainers typically prescribed by orthodontists and dentists: Hawley, Essix, and Bonded (Fixed) retainers.

-priced per unit----- CAD/CAM dentistry, (Computer aided design and Computer aided manufacturing in dentistry), is an area of dentisrty utilizing CAD/CAM technologies to produce different types of dental restorations, including crowns, veneers, inlays and onlays, fixed bridges, dental implant restorations and orthodontic appliances.

One way to replace a tooth is the Maryland bridge. This bridge technique was first developed at the University of Maryland, and this is where it gets the name. A Maryland bridge consists of a metal framework with a porcelain tooth baked on to the front of the framework. The framework then ends up as a false tooth with two metal wings on the side. These metal wings are prepared to have a porous surface so that they can receive a bonding agent, and then the wings are bonded to the back sides of the teeth on either side of the missing tooth.

--per unit----

Temporary bridges are made of a tooth coloured resin that is put in place of the permanent bridge, while it is being constructed at the laboratory, to protect the prepared teeth and give you the option of eating and talking with confidence.

Unless there is some immediate concern or urgency, the first visit at our office involve:

 very thorough comprehensive examination 

that lasts at least a half hour. Therefore a cleaning is not done at this appointment.

 review your dental and medical history before the oral examination.

n oral cancer exam. 

examin

your gums for evidence of periodontal disease.

your teeth.

Any necessary x-rays will be taken after this examination and viewed shortly thereafter. We will check your TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) for any complications. 

the findings and the best way to begin treatment will be discussed with you.

---per unit---    Dental crowns are usually utilised so as to protect teeth from breaking under occlusal/biting forces on teeth that have been root canal treated. In some cases crowns are chosen for aesthetic reasons but in most cases, where aesthetics are considered, veneers will be the better option due to the fact that less tooth preparation is involved and therefore it is less invasive. Crowns can be made of a variety of materials which directly influences pricing. Most common crown types are PFM (porcelain fused to metal), where the metal provides strength and the porcelain, aesthetics. Alloys are also considered and examples are: Chrome/ Cobalt and Gold/ Platinum alloys.

A dental crown may be needed in the following situations:  To protect a weak tooth (for instance, from decay) from breaking or to hold together parts of a cracked tooth. To restore an already broken tooth or a tooth that has been severely worn down. To cover and support a tooth with a large filling when there isnt a lot of tooth left. To hold a dental bridge in place. To cover misshapened or severely discolored teeth. To cover a dental implant. To cover a tooth that has been root canal treated (see picture)

Back before the days of bonding technology, dental crowns nearly always needed to be made with a metal foundation. Today, we can make them out of pure porcelain or other ceramics. There are still occasions on the back teeth when the durability of a metal foundation in the crown makes it the restoration of choice. But when it shows prominently in your smile, wouldnt you rather have one that looks as natural as possible? Porcelain only crowns look more natural.

These are most frequently used to restore back teeth, and are affectionately referred to in the profession as "tin cans".  They are bulky and generally do not fit the tooth very well.  The extra space inside between the stainless steel shell and the actual tooth structure is taken up by a heavy mixture of  temporary filling material.  Because of poor marginal fit, stainless steel crowns are used mostly on baby teeth, but they can be used on adult teeth too (as a temporary crown)

One of the most difficult areas in dentistry today is the restoration of dental structures with biocompatible materials that are strong enough to withstand the forces of chewing (500-1000lbs pressure on molar teeth). Recent technology from Germany now offers a material that has overcome most of the pitfalls of present day products. Patients now have a choice of a material that is esthetic, strong, pure, biocompatible and capable of being used for single and long span dental bridgework. That material is called Zirconium oxide. 

In cases where bone condition and density are favourable, dental implants can now be embedded immediately after tooth extraction. Such techniques being referred to as immediate implants, one-day implants, single day implants or same day implants. This means that the patient have new tooth roots (the dental implants) upon leaving the office.

The term restoration is used to refer to a false tooth. This tooth eg. crown) is then attached to the implant and looks and behaves in the same way as a natural tooth.

Dental sealants are a dental treatment consisting of applying a plastic material to one or more teeth, for the intended purpose of preventing dental caries (cavities) or other forms of tooth decay

Currently, the latest digital x-ray images and basic radiographic imagery, that have been trusted and utilised in dentistry for the last 5 or so decades, have given dentists sufficient information for dental treatment. 

The 3D DENTAL X-RAY is currently setting the bench-mark in diagnostic imagery and demonstrates the actual make-up of your jaw bone as well as providing accurate measurements of the height, width, and thickness for placement of the implants. Due to this sophisticated technology dentists are able to determine, ahead of time, precisely what will be found during a surgical procedure.

In dental radiographic imagery, the digital panoramic X-ray gives a broad overview of the entire mouth. This X-ray supplies information about the teeth, upper and lower jawbone, sinuses, and other hard and soft tissues of the head and neck.

Dentures (also known as false teeth) are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth, and which are supported by surrounding soft and hard tissues of the mouth. Conventional dentures are removable, however there are many different denture designs, some which rely on bonding or clasping onto teeth or dental implants.

Types of dentures:

Removable partial dentures: are for patients who are missing some of their teeth . Fixed partial dentures are made from crowns that are fitted on the remaining teeth, made from materials to resemble the missing teeth. Fixed bridges are more expensive than removable appliances but are more stable.

Complete dentures: Conversely, complete dentures or full dentures, are worn by patients who are missing all of the teeth in a single arch (i.e. the maxillary (upper jaw) or mandibular (lower jaw) arch).

The time it takes to repair a denture depends on how badly it is damaged. Replacing or repairing a damaged tooth can normally be done by a dentist on the same day. If the denture has suffered a more serious fracture, however, it will take longer to repair. In order to repair your denture it may be necessary for the dentist to take an impression of your mouth with the denture in place. The dentists ability to repair a denture depends on the extent of the damage, how old the denture is and what condition it was in before it was broken.

It was long thought that removable partial dentures had to be rigid to be effective. Traditionally, removable partial dentures were fabricated from a rigid metal base designed to replace missing teeth in partially edentulous patients (meaning patients that were missing only some of their natural teeth). Although full dentures and partial dentures have been used in dentistry for many decades, they can pose many problems for patients, most notably the poor aesthetics that are created from using metal to cover your natural teeth. 

The innovation of the flexible partial denture in the 1950s paved the way for a new type of partial denture, which provides excellent aesthetics and comfort for patients who prefer to wear a removable denture rather than a fixed restoration such as a dental bridge or dental implants. By using a flexible base, the restoration can adapt to the constant movement and flexibility in your mouth.

Flexible partial dentures are custom-fabricated in a dental laboratory. Most flexible partial dentures involve very simple preparation because your natural teeth dont need to be altered in any way. Flexible partials can be virtually invisible because there are no telltale metal clasps to cover your natural teeth. Furthermore, most flexible materials blend with the tissue in your mouth so that the only thing that shows is your beautiful smile.

There are several advantages of an immediate denture. The most important factor is that you will never need to appear in public without teeth. It is also easier to duplicate the shape, color and arrangement of your natural teeth while some are still present in your mouth. When an immediate denture is inserted at the time of extraction, it will act as a Band-Aid to protect the tissues and reduce bleeding. An immediate denture will allow you to establish your speech patterns early. You will not have to learn to speak without a denture in place and then later relearn to speak with a new denture. An immediate denture will also allow you to chew better than without any teeth and minimize facial distortion that may occur when teeth are removed.

A disadvantage is that you cannot always see how the denture will look before the teeth are extracted and the immediate denture is inserted. Also, initially, an immediate denture does not always fit as accurately as a conventional denture, which is made after the tissues have healed for six to eight weeks following extractions, and without wearing a denture.

Here at Ribagin Dent, endodontic treatment is completed using microscopes. Endodontics needs to be precise/accurate, so what better way is there than treatment under a microscope? 

Once it has been determined that one needs endodontic treatment, an appointment with our dentist needs to be made for an endodontic consultation.

What happens at an endodontic consultation? At the consultation appointment, the doctor will review the patient’s past dental and medical history. Then he or she will take radiographs or x-rays of any teeth/areas of the mouth involved in the issue. Different x-ray angles are sometimes necessary to reveal potential difficulties such as blocked canals or unusual canal curvatures. In addition, the dentist will perform a series of tests on teeth for life or vitality and to check if the pulp is irritated,inflamed or dead. This is how the dentist determines how significant the issue is and whether or not it is reversible (simply needs a filling) or irreversible (requires root canal therapy). Also, the dentist checks the teeth for any periodontal issue that may have caused, or secondarily have been caused by, the infected endodontic or "pulpal" tissues. 

Through these tests our dentist will attempt to reproduce your symptoms that will enable him or her to make a proper diagnosis and decide if you do or do not need a root canal. 

Simple non-surgical extractions are performed on teeth that are clearly visible in the mouth, usually under local anesthetics, and require only the use of instruments to elevate and/or grasp the visible portion of the tooth (the crown).

Other reasons wisdom teeth are removed include misalignment which rubs up against the tongue or cheek causing pain, potential crowding or malocclusion of the remaining teeth (a result of there being not enough room on the jaw or in the mouth), as well as orthodontics.

A dental restoration or dental filling is a dental restorative material used to restore the function, integrity and morphology of missing tooth structure. The structural loss typically results from caries or external trauma. It is also lost intentionally during tooth preparation to improve the aesthetics or the physical integrity of the intended restorative material.

Glass ionomer cements, or GIC, are a classification of bonding and filling materials that are often employed in the field of dentistry. Sometimes referred to as dental cement, glass ionomer cements can be utilized as a binding agent to help in the luting process between teeth or as one of the fillers used in tooth repair and restoration. When set in place, glassionomer cements have an appearance and color that approximates the look and hue of a tooth, making the material both practical and visually appealing.

When your tooth becomes damaged from decay, fillings are used to bring your tooth back to its original shape and function. A filling not only corrects the problems that cavities cause, but also prevents bacteria from causing additional decay.

Porcelain fillings are also called porcelain inlays or onlays. Onlays are a partial crown that sits on your tooth, building its shape and strength; inlays are designed to fill in the space that a cavity or old filling creates. By using porcelain inlays or onlays, your dentist is able to strengthen and repair your tooth while holding it together; retaining as much of the natural structure and color of your tooth as possible.

Porcelain fillings are indirect fillings, as opposed metal and composite fillings that are direct fillings. Indirect fillings must be sent in to a lab because they are custom made for your teeth and are made of porcelain ceramics. 

Another difference between porcelain fillings and other fillings is that the dentist will permanently bond the porcelain fillings to your teeth, and they are also custom made for your specific tooth and cavity. This means that your porcelain filling will be stronger and last longer than fillings made of other materials.

 "Porcelain fillings can actually increase the strength of a tooth," says Dr. Ivaylo Ribagin  "fillings made of other material tend to weaken the tooth because of the need to drill more of the natural tissue.

Temporary fillings usually last for a short while—not longer than a month in most cases. They are used if you need other, longer lasting dental fillings/restorations that will require more than one appointment to complete. For example, if you are getting a gold filling, which requires two dental appointments, your dentist will place a temporary filling in your tooth until you return for your second appointment. Another instance in which a temporary filling may be used is if you have a toothache. A temporary filling can ease the pain you feel from a toothache, because the filling will seal your tooth, protecting the pulp from bacteria and infections and thereby reducing pain and tooth sensitivity. 

Temporary fillings are also common if your dentist would prefer to wait a short time to allow your tooth to heal before moving forward with another procedure (e.g., a root canal) or if your pulp is exposed while your dentist is operating on your tooth.

Fluoride therapy is the delivery of fluoride to the teeth: topically or systemically in order to prevent tooth decay (dental caries) which results in cavities. Most commonly, fluoride is applied topically to the teeth using gels, varnishes, toothpastes or mouth rinses. Systemic delivery involves fluoride supplementation using water, salt, tablets or drops which are swallowed. Tablets or drops are rarely used where public water supplies are fluoridated.

A smile is considered a “gummy smile” if a significant amount of gingival tissue (gums) can be seen as a person smiles.  Although a gummy smile is considered a normal variation of human anatomy, many people with gummy smiles are very self-conscious when smiling.  Fortunately, these smiles can be corrected with simple periodontal surgery procedures here at Ribagin Dent. 

Such a condition may be caused due to genetics, health circumstances or as a result of certain high blood pressure prescriptions. This can have an affect on an individual’s self-confidence and may see them do their best not to smile in public. Thankfully, gum contouring is a dental treatment which is painless and able to solve the problem of ‘gummy smile’ through quick and painless treatment.

Here at Ribagin Dent, we offer the following at your dental consultation with the implantologist:

1. We see if you are a good candidate for implants.
2. We then present to you possible options and solutions with regards to procedures, materials and costs involved.
3. Finally, we work out a treatment plan, agreed upon by you and the implantologist, whereby we assign appointment dates to you, give you some information to take away and await your first appointment.

Please note: The implantologist needs to view a panoramic dental x-ray (which all international patients will have to have taken in their home country and email to us, so digital x-ray radiographs are the best so they can be attached to an email-just ask your dentist for an OPG/Panoramic x-ray) before he can start discussing any treatment plans with you. With the aid of this x-ray/radiograph, he/she will then assess if you are a good candidate for implants and after that, a face-to face consultation will be made.

-----priced per unit-----------Like any other inlays/onlays, composite resin inlays/onlays are made after an impression taken from the tooth to be treated. An advantage of composite resin inlays and onlays, compared to the esthetic fillings,  is that they provide a proper border seal. The inlay or onlay is cemented in the cavity by a special glue. Composite resin inlays and onlays are an option in the case of a heavily injured tooth that can not be restored by esthetic filling. When talking about esthetic fillings fabricated directly in the surgery, it’s important to mention that the filling material slightly shrinks due to the effect of UV light, thus leaving a virtual space that is open to bacterial infections between the tooth and the filling. This is where composite resin inlays/onlays have the advantage: there is no shrinkage and a better fit/adhesion.

Porcelain inlays and onlays are dental restorations used by dentists here at Ribagin Dent because of their fit and aesthetic appeal. In certain cases, porcelain inlays and onlays are a conservative alternative to full coverage dental crowns. Also known as indirect fillings, porcelain  inlays and onlays offer a well-fitting, stronger, longer lasting reparative solution to tooth decay or similar damage. These restorations are beneficial from both an esthetic and functional point of view.

Inlays and onlays can often be used in place of traditional dental fillings to treat tooth decay or similar structural damage. Whereas dental fillings are molded into place within the mouth during a dental visit, inlays and onlays are fabricated indirectly in a dental lab before being fitted and bonded to the damaged tooth by your dentist here at Ribagin Dent.

The restoration is dubbed an "inlay" when the material is bonded within the center of a tooth. Conversely, the restoration is dubbed an "onlay" when the extent of the damage requires inclusion of one or more cusps (points) of the tooth or full coverage of the biting surface.

If you need to be referred to an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, we here at Ribagin Dent will gather all the information required to make that consultation.

• X-ray images need to be taken showing as much information as possible so that your surgery can be treated correctly (this might call for a 3D image to be taken).
• Your medical history will be updated so that all grounds are covered when it comes to working out the safest treatment for you.
• Our dentist will then write a professional referral which will cover all the aspects of your oral or maxillofacial disorder.

Your child’s smile is worth protecting, and as a parent you naturally want only the best for your little one. That’s why Dr. Ribagin and her team are wholeheartedly dedicated to providing excellent pediatric dentistry services.

We’re aware of the special dental needs of children, and we are constantly striving to improve our technology and treatments. We understand that your child’s teeth and gums are most vulnerable in their formative years, and we want to make sure your child is on the right track for great dental health from the start.

Give us a call today.

Dr. Baker provides primary and comprehensive oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, focusing largely on preventative care.

In the broadest sense, periodontal disease can be considered any form of disease affecting the periodontium - the tissues that surround and support the teeth. Inflammation of the bone is called periodontitis.

The periodontium also includes the gums (or gingiva), the bone of the tooth socket, and the periodontal ligament - a thin layer of connective tissue that holds the tooth in its socket and acts as a cushion between tooth and bone.

Inflammation or infection of the gums is called gingivitis. If allowed to progress, gingivitis can turn into periodontitis, the invasion and destruction of the underlying bone that anchors the teeth in place. As that happens, the gums may recede, exposing the root surfaces and increasing sensitivity to heat and cold. Teeth may even loosen because of bone destruction.

In the earlier stages of the disease, most of the treatment involves root planing and curettage (cleaning) under the gum margins. It involves the removal of plaque and inflamed soft tissue in the pockets around the tooth with an instrument called a curette. Its purpose is to remove the bacterial colonies and the mechanical and chemical irritants that cause inflammation in hopes that the disease can be eradicated. The goal is that the gum will reattach itself to the tooth or will shrink enough to eliminate the pocket.

In most early cases, root planing, curettage, and proper daily plaque removal are all that are required for a satisfactory result.

-----per canal--------Endodontic therapy is a sequence of treatment for the pulp of a tooth which results in the elimination of infection and protection of the decontaminated tooth from future microbial invasion. This set of procedures is commonly referred to as a "root canal." Root canals and their associated pulp chamber are the physical hollows within a tooth that are naturally inhabited by nerve tissue, blood vessels and other cellular entities. Endodontic therapy involves the removal of these structures, the subsequent cleaning, shaping, and decontamination of the hollows with tiny files and irrigating solutions, and the obturation (filling) of the decontaminated canals with an inert filling such as gutta percha and typically a eugenol-based cement.

At Ribagin Dent, we complete all endodontic treatment under our microscope which, considering the microscopic area of endodontics, is the best possible way to get the most accurate results.

Root canal therapy on the anterior (front) teeth is usually less intricate as that of the posterior (back) teeth due to the fact that they normally have 1 root canal, the tooth is easier to access and in general the roots have less curvature making it easier for the dentist to treat.

There might be some dark colouration of incisor root canal treated teeth due to the "dying" of the nerve within the root. Here at Ribagin Dent, we will use tooth bleaching material to bleach the tooth from the inside. If there is too much dis-colouration, crowning or veneering will be the treatment of choice by our dentists.

The premolar teeth (or bicuspids) are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. There are two premolars per quadrant, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered as a transitional tooth during chewing. It has properties of both the  canines and  molars, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars.

These premolar teeth can have one, two or rarely 3 canals. Root canal therapy will be completed here at Ribagin Dent under a microscope so that we can remove the necrotic (dying) tissue within the canals and replace it/them with Gutta purcha (Gutta-percha is biologically inert and is very resilient). This will give the premolar strength and therefore function. 

At Ribagin Dent, preventative dentistry is a focus of all our treatment, making sure that you receive the best treatment that will give you a long-lasting smile and always have the full use of all your dentition.

As technology in dentistry advances, we here at Ribagin Dent approach our treatment techniques in different manners. We continue to strive for perfection, while speeding up the patients time in the chair. This methodology applies to all specialities in our dentistry including endodontics. The fundamentals of endodontics remain the same.  The only difference is the process by which we attain our goals.  With the many different hand files and mechanical systems in the market today, we can reduce the number of visits for our patients and still maintain a high rate of success.  Root-canal treatment usually required more than one visit in the past because of the difficulty in cleaning and shaping curved and calcified canals and the low success rate of non-vital or necrotic cases.

Today, with the help of our microscope, latest techniques and modern equipment, single visit root canal is very possible on those teeth which require less complex endodontics.

Dental cleaning involves removing plaque (soft, sticky, bacteria infested film) and tartar (calculus) deposits that have built up on the teeth over time. Your teeth are continually bathed in saliva which contains calcium and other substances which help strengthen and protect the teeth. While this is a good thing, it also means that we tend to get a build-up of calcium deposits on the teeth. This chalky substance will eventually build up over time, like limescale in a kettle. Usually it is tooth coloured and can easily be mistaken as part of the teeth, but it also can vary from brown to black in colour.

If the scale, or calculus (tartar, as dentists like to call it) is allowed to accumulate on the teeth it will unfortunately provide the right conditions for bacteria to thrive next to the gums. The purpose of the cleaning and polishing is basically to leave the surfaces of the teeth clean and smooth so that bacteria are unable to stick to them and you have a better chance of keeping the teeth clean during your regular home care.

The professional cleaning of teeth is sometimes referred to as prophylaxis (or prophyfor short). It’s a Greek word which means “to prevent beforehand” – in this case, it helps prevent gum disease. At Ribagin Dent, preventative dentistry is what it is all about...

Periodontal disease, an infection of the teeth, gums, and bone that surrounds the teeth, is the number-one cause of adult tooth loss. It begins when plaque, a sticky film of food and bacteria, builds up on your teeth. If plaque isn’t removed, it hardens into calculus, also called tartar. The buildup of plaque and tartar dramatically increases the number of harmful bacteria in your mouth and can result in deepening spaces between the teeth and gums, called pockets. Bacteria trigger the body’s immune system to produce enzymes.

These enzymes destroy the bone surrounding the teeth, which ultimately leads to tooth loss.

• In office bleaching with Zoom   600 BGN
• At home custom tray bleaching  300 BGN

To us here at Ribagin Dent, your smile is important. Its one of the first things you notice when you meet someone. A whiter, brighter smile is beautiful - it can help you feel better about yourself and make a memorable impression. 

Take a first step in feeling good and looking great with brighter, whiter teeth in less than an hour. Zoom! teeth whitening is safe, effective and very fast, and performed only by a dental professional.

This includes custom trays made specifically for you so that the best technique is achieved and effectiveness is optimal.

Whether you would like us to top up your teeth whitening in the surgery or at home, give us a call here at Ribagin Dent so that we can keep your smile as white as it was when you last whitened your teeth, or even whiter than before!

Non-surgical treatments for TMJ  include physical therapy, the use of medicinal therapy including non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as ibuprofen) and the use of muscle relaxants. 

The use of the oral cavity is the beginning of our digestive systems. If this is compromised it can effect our lives negatively. You swallow approximately 2,000 times per day which causes the upper and lower teeth to come together and push against the skull.  People who have:

1. unstable bite

2. missing teeth

3. poorly aligned teeth

4. clenching

5. grinding teeth

6. trauma to head and neck 

7. poor ergonomics............

           ......have trouble because the muscles work harder to bring the teeth together, causing strain.  This pain my also occur in ears, eyes, sinuses, checks or side of the head or there may a clicking when moving the jaw or even locking if the jaw is opened or closed.

---per unit---Composite veneers cover the facial surface of teeth to change tooth colour, position or shape. Addition of composite to tooth structure increases tooth size and therefore, there is often tooth reduction to make room for composite placement. Amount of reduction is determined by position of original tooth in relation to the desired position and colour of tooth structure in relation to the thickness of composite materials required to block out colour.

Call us for an appointment today.

Porcelain dental veneers are a beautiful way to correct stained, chipped, or crooked teeth. By placing a customized porcelain shell over the surface of the tooth, our dentists can provide patients with bright, aligned, and natural looking smiles. Dental flaws that may have been a source of embarrassment or discomfort for years can be corrected with porcelain veneers in as little as one or two appointments. If you are considering porcelain veneers and would like more information, please contact us.